Crop Cover

Harvest Cover Vineyard Floor Management I. Clean development: 1. preserves dampness 2. demolishes natural issue at surface 3. may harm soil structure 4. changes soil porosity-root development is limited 5. night crawler populaces are lower 6. smothers root development in upper layer 7. expands the breakdown of nitrogenous mixes into nitrates.8. May grow hard pan.COVER CROPS Choice and execution are site explicit, so test in a couple of lines before deciding.Two types: 1) disked or 2) lasting grass Considerations: 1. costs versus benefits 2. water system strategy 3. culturing rehearses 4. nitrogen needs 5. ice concerns Cover crops are commonly just developed in line middles, with under-line vegetation constrained by mulch, herbicide, or tillage.Advantages of spread yields: 1. give natural issue to the dirt 2. give mulch to under-column 3. increment water penetration rate 4. control disintegration 5. lessen dust in vineyard.6. Dry out and settle the dirt in wet territories 7.A photograph exhibiting the utilization of spread harvests betwe...

Why Is Visual Literacy Important free essay sample

In our content and through Brian Kennedy and the video Visual Literacy: Why we need It! the meaning of Visual Literacy Is uncovered. We likewise understand that It Is a language that, for example, music It Is all inclusive as we as individuals can decipher and see what the message of the Image Is about. Brian Kennedy characterized Visual Literacy as: The capacity to build importance from Images (Kennedy, 2010). We see an Image and we can make a significance In respects of that picture and we can mention to ourselves or others what the picture is about. We will compose a custom article test on Why Is Visual Literacy Important or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In our course reading visual proficiency includes the skilled creation and utilization of visual messages. These exercises require the physical capacity of sight as well as the subjective capacities of consideration, recognition, basic reasoning, assessment, and union with other tangible data and encounters (Ryan, 2012). Thusly what we see is that in our course book that Visual Literacy is the creation and utilization of pictures that should be seen and that an individual fundamentally needs to be able to characterize, assess and feel what the picture is all about.Kennedys definition is straight and easy to build up an importance from the Image. We do require the psychological capacity to think and assess In request to characterize what the Image Is and what it speaks to. As In respects of what Visual Literacy intends to me Is the manner in which we can characterize and Interpret what a picture is and the message it is giving to the watcher. At the point when we take a gander at Visual Literacy we can genuinely say it is a widespread language. We can say it is on the grounds that we can perceive what the picture is and what it is attempting to let us know. It is conveying to us in quiet structure, yet we are the ones that give it a voice or a text.An picture is something that we see and picture is something that can be envisioned and we can perceive what it intends to us and what it speaks to all of us. Much the same as music in where we can hear a tune or what the artist is stating to the crowd we can characterize what it implies, we can do likewise with a picture. Visual Literacy can affect correspondence and worldwide comprehension through permitting us the watcher to perceive what is happening, to perceive what the spot or the word speaks to. We can see and feel what he Image Is showing to us and what It represents.We would all be able to have various definitions or implications to what the Image intends to us since we as a whole might suspect in an unexpected way. One thing is that the picture gave an effect on each and every one of us. Will permit numerous others of various nationalities and convictions to perceive what the picture is speaking to. Visual Literacy is an all inclusive language that permits us to give an importance or that it gives a significance to the subject in a quiet structure. Visual Literacy is something that permits us to take a gander at something for this situation a picture, for example, a hotplate and us as the watcher can characterize what it implies.

Use Funny Compare Contrast Essay Topics to Stand Out

Use Funny Compare Contrast Essay Topics to Stand OutFunny compare contrast essay topics are definitely one of the best ways to express yourself. There are some writers that have a tendency to appear dull and uninspired. It is no longer an insult to put on a show that will capture the attention of the reader. All you need to do is focus on writing funny compare contrast essay topics that will make your reader think.Funny compare contrast essay topics are truly one of the top methods that have made writers of all experience levels stand out. These days, people know what it takes to make their essay to stand out. That is why you do not have to worry about writing your essay just for the sake of writing it. After all, people today are well aware of the importance of writing an essay that has to be something special and unique.The main thing that you need to consider is how you can make your paper unique. You have to come up with humorous pieces that will surely make your readers start sm iling. It is easy to be creative when it comes to writing funny compare essay topics. You can make a mark by using a variety of styles and formats.Since you are writing your paper for school, you do not need to resort to things that people usually use. However, you do need to use interesting and useful ideas. The key to get more attention is to use funny essays. People will appreciate that you have used unique and interesting ways to convey your ideas.If you want to add a twist to your paper, try using some humor. Humor is a great way to add a touch of zest to your essay. Everyone loves to laugh but you do not have to make your audience to crack up.Write your essay in a way that makes it seem more alive and interesting. When you write on something that makes them laugh, the value of the paper increases. This will attract the attention of the readers to read on. When they start to read your paper, they will definitely have a great time.You need to use funny compare essay topics that will make the readers to read on. The ideas and tools that you use to write funny topics should also show some uniqueness. Your readers will appreciate that you have come up with unique ideas for your paper.Now, you do not have to rely on the boring essay that most writers usually write. You can write your paper using funny contrast essay topics that will surely make your paper stand out. By using these tips, you will surely be able to create a great paper that will attract people's attention. Your paper will make you stand out and it will also bring you a lot of appreciation.

Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture

Jade is a metamorphic rock that is naturally colored green, red, yellow, or white. When it polished and treated, the vibrant colors of jade can be extraordinary. The most popular kind of jade in Chinese culture is green jade, which has an emerald hue.   Called 玉 (yà ¹) in Chinese, jade is important to Chinese culture because of its beauty, practical use, and social value. Here is an introduction to jade and why it is so important to Chinese people. Now when you browse through an antique shop, jewelry store, or museum, you can impress your friends with your knowledge of this important stone. Types of Jade Jade is classified into soft jade (nephrite) and hard jade (jadeite). Since China only had soft jade until jadeite was imported from Burma during the Qing dynasty (1271–1368 CE), the term jade traditionally refers to nephrite, and so soft jade is also called traditional jade. In preColumbian America, only hard jade was available; all Native American jades are jadeite. Burmese jadeite is called feicui in Chinese. Feicui is now more popular and valuable than soft jade in China today. History of Jade Jade has been a part of Chinese civilization from the earliest days. Chinese jade was used as a material for practical and ornamental purposes at an early period in history, and it continues to be very popular today. The earliest Chinese jade is from the early Neolithic period Hemudu culture in Zhejian Province (about 7000–5000 BCE). Jade was an important part of ritual contexts in the middle to late Neolithic periods, such as the Hongshan culture that existed along the Lao River and the Liangzhu culture in the Tai Lake region (both date between 4000–2500 BCE). Carved jade has also been found in sites dated to the Longshan culture (3500–2000 BCE) by the Yellow River; and the Bronze age cultures of Western and Easter Zhou dynasties (11th–3rd centuries BCE). In  Ã¨ ª ªÃ¦â€"‡è § £Ã¥ ­â€" (shuo  wen  jie  zi), the first Chinese dictionary published in the early second century CE, jade was described as beautiful stones by the writer Xu Zhen. Jade has been a familiar substance in Chinese culture for a very long time. Uses of Chinese Jade Archaeological artifacts of jade include sacrificial  vessels, tools, ornaments,  utensils, and many other items. Ancient music instruments were made out of Chinese jade, such as the yuxiao  (a flute made of jade and played vertically), and chimes. The beautiful color of jade made it a mysterious stone to the Chinese in ancient times, so jade wares were popular as sacrificial vessels and were often buried with the dead. One example of the ritual importance of jade is the burial of the body of Liu Sheng, a prince of the Zhongshan State (Western Han Dynasty) who died around 113 BCE. He was buried in a  jade suit  composed of 2,498 pieces of jade stitched together with gold thread. Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture Chinese people love jade not only because of its aesthetic beauty but also because of what it represents regarding social value. In the Li Ji (Book of Rites), Confucius said that there are 11 De, or virtues, represented in jade: benevolence, justice, propriety, truth, credibility, music, loyalty, heaven, earth, morality, and intelligence. The wise have likened jade to virtue. For them, its polish and brilliancy represent the whole of purity; its perfect compactness and extreme hardness represent the sureness of intelligence; its angles, which do not cut, although they seem sharp, represent justice; the pure and prolonged sound, which it gives forth when one strikes it, represents music. Its color represents loyalty; its interior flaws, always showing themselves through the transparency, call to mind sincerity; its iridescent brightness represents heaven; its admirable substance, born of mountain and of water, represents the earth. Used alone without ornamentation it represents chastity. The price that the entire world attaches to it represents the truth. Book of Rites In the Shi Jing  (Book of Odes), Confucius wrote: When I think of a wise man, his merits appear to be like jade. Book of Odes Thus, beyond monetary worth and materiality, jade is greatly prized as it stands for beauty, grace, and purity. As the Chinese saying goes: gold has a value; jade is invaluable.   Jade in the Chinese Language Because jade represents desirable virtues, the word for jade (yu) is incorporated into many Chinese idioms and proverbs to denote beautiful things or people. For example, å† °Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã§Å½â€°Ã¦ ´  (bingqing yujie), which directly translates to clear as ice and clean as jade is a Chinese saying that means someone is pure and noble. ä º ­Ã¤ º ­Ã§Å½â€°Ã§ «â€¹ (tingting  yuli) is a phrase used to describe something or someone that is fair, slim, and graceful. Additionally, 玉å ¥ ³ (yà ¹nÇš), which means jade woman,  is a term for a lady or beautiful girl.   A popular thing to do in China is to use the Chinese character for jade in Chinese names. The Supreme Deity of Taoism is known as Yuhuang  Dadi (the Jade Emperor). Chinese Stories About Jade Jade is so ingrained in Chinese culture that there are famous stories about Jade (here called bi). The two most famous tales are He Shi Zhi Bi (Mr. He and His Jade or Hes Jade Disc) and Wan Bi Gui Zhao (Jade Returned Intact to Zhao). The stories involve a man named Bian He and a piece of jade that eventually became a symbol of united China. He Shi Zhi Bi tells the story of Mr. He and how he found a piece of raw jade and tried to give it to two generations of kings, but they didnt recognize it as valuable and cut off his feet as punishment for trying to pass off an unworthy stone. Eventually, the grandson of the first king finally had his jeweler cut the stone open and found the raw jade; it was carved into a disc and named after Mr. He by that grandson, Wenwang, the king of the Chu State, around 689 BCE. Wan Bi Gui Zhao is the follow-up story of this famous jade. The carved disc was subsequently stolen from the Chu State and eventually ended up owned by the Zhao. The king of the Qin State, the most powerful state during the Warring States Period (475–221 BCE), attempted to buy the jade disc back from the Zhao State in exchange for 15 cities. (Jade is known as ä » ·Ã¥â‚¬ ¼Ã¨ ¿Å¾Ã¥Å¸Å½, Valued at multiple cities because of this story.) However, he failed. Eventually, after some amount of political chicanery, the jade disc was returned to the Zhao State. In 221 BCE, the emperor Qin Shi Huangdi conquered the Zhao state, and as the ruler and founder of the Qin dynasty, he had the disc carved into a seal representing the new united China. The seal was part of the royal stores in China for 1,000 years before being lost during the Ming and Tang dynasties. Source Wu Dingming. 2014. A Panoramic View of Chinese Culture. Simon and Schuster.

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Cement Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 4013 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? India today is the second largest producer of cement in the world after China. With the Government of India giving boost to various infrastructure projects, housing facilities and road networks the cement industry is looking at a potential gold mine and thus the growth rate of an enviable pace. The expected increase in India is upto 236.16 MT in FY11 and 262.61 in FY12. The cement industry is dominated by 20 large companies which account for 70% of the total cement production. History Background In 1889 a Kolkata based company started manufacturing cement from Argillaceous. But an organized shape was given to the industry in the early 1900s. Some important landmarks in the industrys history are: 1914: India Cement Company Ltd was established in Prbandar with the capacity of 10,000 tonnes. WWI gives a push to the growth rate of cement industry in India. 1927: Concrete Association of India was set up. 1956: Price and distribution control system established. 1977: Govt. authorization for new manufacturing units and capacity enhancement for existing units. 1979: 3 tier pricing system with different pricing on cement produced in high, medium and low cost plants. Cement industry in India was under full control and supervision of the government till the economic reforms happened. Despite being 2nd highest in the world, we have one of the lowest per capita consumption of cement with 125 kg. Cement Production Process Raw material process Clinker burnin g process Finish grinding process The raw material and the clinker burning process have 2 variations in the production process: Wet process Dry process Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mergers and Acquisitions in the Cement Industry" essay for you Create order Illustration The following diagram explains the entire production process of the cement industry (dry processing): GLOBAL SCENARIO OF THE CEMENT INDUSTRY World demand: 2005: 2,283 million Tonnes {Chinas demand: 1064 MT (47% of the total)}. World demand: 2010: 2836 MT Demand for cement (MT) 2005 2010 GROWTH RATE North America 170 200 2.9% Western Europe 208 236 2.2% Asia Pacific 1500 1900 5.2% Other Regions 405 500 4.7% World demand 2283 2836 4.7% Key growth drivers: Population growth (increasing demand for housing, commercial building and infrastructure) Economic growth (driving up the consumption of cement per capita) A surge of foreign direct investment in the cement sector has been witnessed in the recent past. The major players being: Lafarge (France) Holcim (Switzerland) Italcementi (Italy) Heidelberg Cements (Germany) These 4 companies together hold more than a quarter of the total capacity. Global players LAFARGE: Lafarge is the world leader in building material. It operates in 76 countries in four majors sectors: cement, aggregates, roofing and gypsum. HEILDELBERG: Heidelberg Cement is the global market leader in aggregates and a prominent player in the fields of cement, concrete and other downstream activities, making it one of the worlds largest manufacturers of building materials. The company employs some 53,000 people at 2,500 locations in more than  40 countries. CEMEX: Cemex is the 3rd largest cement company in the world measured by cement production capacity. Originated from Mexico By 2005 it had achieved an estimated production capacity of 94 million tons per year. It was the number one producer of ready-mix with 76 Million Tons, one of the largest aggregate producer with 175 Million tons and one of the top cement traders in the world, selling more than 17Million tons in 2005. HOLCIM: Holcim is one of the worlds leading suppliers of cement and aggregates (crushed stone, sand and gravel) as well as further activities such as ready-mix concrete and asphalt including services.It has a strong presence in India Country wise Usage/Production China, the largest market for cement in the world, will register the biggest gains in terms of the total amount of cement sold. Other developing parts of the Asia/Pacific region and Eastern Europe, as well as a number of nations in the Africa/Mideast and Latin America regions, will also record above average cement market gains, fueled by a robust construction outlook. Vietnam, Thailand, the Ukraine, Turkey and Indonesia will record some of the strongest increases in percentage terms. Less robust in the developed areas of the US, Japan and Western Europe, with maintenance and repair construction accounting for much of the growth in cement demand through 2010. INDIAN SCENARIO OF THE CEMENT INDUSTRY With 153 cement plants and a total installed capacity of around 225 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) as of April 30,2010, the Indian cement industry is the second largest in the world In January 2010, credit rating agency Fitch predicted that the country will add about 50 million tonnes of cement capacity this fiscal, taking the total to around 300 million tonnes. According to Indias largest cement company ACC, the governments continued efforts on infrastructure development is helping the key building material to maintain an annual growth of 9-10 per cent in 2010. The cement industry occupies an integral place in the national economy because of its strong linkages to other sectors such as construction, transportation, coal and power. Due to its bulk nature and low value, Cement is a highly freight-sensitive product and Indian cement market is largely a regional one. Consequently, the demand-supply dynamics may be different for the various regions and the country as a who le. As depicted in graph above, there has been a strong demand growth between 2002-03 and 2006-07 on a contrary to very slow capacity addition due to weak position cement companies have got into 2003-04. Over the last few years, the Indian cement industry has seen a strong growth with demand compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.3%. The main factors causing this growth include the boom in real estate during 2004-08, increased infrastructural investments by the private sector and Government, and higher Governmental spending under various social programmes. With buoyant demand growth and limited capacity addition, the industry witnessed capacity utilization levels of around 91-93% during the last five years along with shortfalls in supply, thereby increasing the pricing power available to the cement industry. Improved prices in association with growth in volume led to the domestic cement industry reporting a robust growth in sales and profitability during 2005-09. Growth in Cement Demand (All India) In Million Tonnes 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Apr-Nov 09 Domestic Consumption 99 108 114 123 136 149 164 178 100 Year-On-Year Growth (%) 9.7 8.7 5.8 8.1 10.1 9.9 10.1 8.4 12.5 *Excluding ACC and Ambuja Cement The top five States in terms of cement consumption, viz. Andhra Pradesh (AP), Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Tamil Nadu (TN) and Gujarat, accounted for almost 50% of the total domestic consumption in 2008-09. This is due to population levels in these states which influenced the frequency of infrastructure activities. Capacity utilization levels in the cement industry showed a historic high and touched almost 100% in 2006-07. Almost half of indigenous cement capacity is localized to Southern region of India. Eastern part having minimum share of 12% The western and Northern region had share of 17% and 29% re spectively. Region-wise Capacity Distribution Capacity addition starting March 09. Since the demand and hence dispatched declined due to low economic activity, thereby increasing the inventory levels. March, 09 witnessed lowest inventory levels in cement, demand and capacity being at almost par with each other at 15 MT. Monthly Capacity Utilization Trend Inventory levels as % of Monthly Dispatch Following are the few major players of cement industry in the country. S. No. Name of the Company Installed Capacity (Million Tonnes) Portfolio Other Details 1. Grasim Ultratech 31 MT Viscose staple fiber (VSF),grey cement, white cement, textiles etc. After the acquisition of Ultratech, it became worlds 7thlargest cement producer. 2. Associated Cement Company Ltd. 22.4 MT Portland cement, composite cement and special cement. It has twelve manufacturing plants located in the country. 3. Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd. 18.5 MT Portland Cement, Pozulona Cement, Silicate Cement It is Indias largest cement exporter and one of the most Cost efficient firms. 4. Jaypee Cements 14.7 MT OPC grades 33, 4, 53, IRST-40 and special blends of pozulona cement. Diversification into cement and construction sectors is key to the business growth. 5. India Cement Ltd. 9 MT Ordinary Portland cement and blended cement India cement is the largest cement producer in southern India Mergers Acquisitions: Global Cement Industry Since 2000, takeovers and agreed deals of around $90 billion have taken place in the construction-materials industry as companies intend to increase revenue, build inventory stockpiles and reduce on the costs. After consolidation, Hanson is the major British player. HeidelbergCement, No. 4 in the world, is trying to catch-up with larger rivals Holcim Ltd., Lafarge SA and Cemex SA after they expanded through major mergers and acquisitions. Paris-based Lafarge began the trend in 2001 with its  £4.2 billion takeover of Britains biggest cement maker. Blue Circle Industries Plc. Mexico-based Cemex followed with the  £3 billion acquisition in 2004 of U.K. concrete maker RMC Group Plc. Holcim of Switzerland added Aggregate Industries Plc. to its stable for  £2.2 billion in 2005. Cemex bought Rinker Group Ltd. of Australia for $14.2 billion. HieldelbergCement AG Hansen Plc. HeidelbergCement AG, Germanys largest cement manufacturer, bought Hanson Plc of the U.K. for  £7.85 billion ($16 billion) in the global cement industrys biggest-ever takeover. It was a major step towards vertical integration in the business. HeidelbergCement paid  £11 a share in cash for Hanson, the largest supplier of sand and gravel. Hanson had fully committed financing from Deutsche Bank and Royal Bank of Scotland. While this deal was an eye candy for Hanson investors, Heidelberg paid a huge premium and its management worked really hard to make it worthwhile. The revenues of Heidelberg Cement owned by German billionaire Adolf Merkle increased by two-thirds due to expansion in Unites States increasing output of aggregates, pipes and bricks. Heidelberg employs more than 45,000 people in more than 50 nations and gets almost half its revenues from Europe, with cement accounting for 50 percent of production. Hanson has over 25,000 workers in 14 nations and gets half its sales revenues from North America, with 70 percent of the share from aggregates. As per experts, the fit is strategically good and Heidelberg will gain from Hansons integration in their business. The companies were a perfect fit and there were minimal overlaps. Hanson strengthened Heidelbergs business in the U.S., Europe and England and added Australia to their business geography. Hansons takeover afforded Heidelberg a greater presence in North America which contributed a major share in their sales figures. Operations in North American accounted for about 27% of the $12.5 billion worldwide sales in 2006. The addition of Aggregates businesses and Building Products businesses in North America, whose 2006 sales totaled $4.0 billion, brought Heidelbergs U.S. portfolio n same grounds as other giants like Cemex, CRH, Holcim and Lafarge. Each of Heidelbergs competitors derived 23% to 32% of their total revenue from U.S., Canada and Mexican operations. Mergers Acquistions: Indian Cement Industry India is the worlds second largest producer of cement after China with an installed capacity of over 200 million tonnes The government over the recent times has been giving a lot of importance for various infrastructure projects, highways, housing. Naturally the increase in consumption of cement in the coming years is expected. This kind of growing and robust initiatives by government marked an increase in the mergers and acquisition activity by both domestic and global companies. Since 1999 the big names of global cement industry have started vying for the domestic companies and this trend is bound to increase in the coming years too. With the GDP expected to grow at a staggering 8-9% as predicted by International Agencies, the infrastructural activity will increase to cater to the needs of this economy. So the global bandwagon is set to reap the benefits from the worlds second fastest growing economy Below is the list of the foreign companies that have made acquisitio ns since 1999 in India. S.No New Entrant Country Purchased 1 Holcim Ltd Switzerland 14.8% of Ambuja Cement 2 Lafarge Cement France Raymond Cement TISCO(TATA Steel) 3 Italcementi Italy Zuari industries 4 Heidelberg Germany Indo-Rama Cement Dimond Cement Cost per tonne paid by the foreign players for the acquisitions that have happened in India since 1999. Year Player Cost/Tonne 2006 Holcim-GACL 227 2005 Holcim-ACEL-ACC 129 2004 Italicementi-Zuari 91 2000 Lafarge-Raymond 80 1999 Lafarge-TISCO 72 In cement sector, any acquisition is valued as cost paid per tonne of installed capacity. Over the years there were a lot of acquisitions like Grasim- LT, Lafarge- Raymond, Lafarge Tisco, etc and this valuation of GACL was the highest till date. Holcim-GACL-ACC Holcim has acquired a 14.8 per cent stake in Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd (GACL). Only a year before did this company enter into a strategic alliance with GACL. The acquisition made Holcim the largest player in the Indian cement industry. The acquisition of a stake in GACL involves Holcim paying $477 million (Rs 21.2 billion) at Rs 105 per share, which includes Rs 15 per share as non-compete fees to the promoters. The valuation price paid by Holcim to acquire Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd was twice the valuation price paid to acquire ACC before this acquisition. Structure of the equity distribution in Holcim-GACL-ACC Group GACL has a great track record of low operational costs, high operational efficiency and strong market position. Apart from that Ambuja Cement has very good markets in Middle East. The technical know-how of Holcim i.e, Waste Heat Recovery, use of alternative fuels, using information technology was used effectively by Gujarat Ambuja Cement. The symbiotic relation between the two companies is indeed doing well to the cement sector. Gujarat Ambuja has done extremely well before the acquisition and has done even better after the acquisition too. Holcim-ACC Holcim picked up huge stakes in ACC Ltd, another company of Indian Cement sector. Ambuja Cement already had a significant stake in this company and with the acquisition of Ambuja by Holcim; the effective stake of Holcim in ACC Ltd has gone up very much. After the acquisition, ACC steadily increased its capacity and by the end of 2009, the installed capacity rose to 26 million tonnes. ACC adopted various stringent cost reduction steps which led to increase in cash reserves. Productivity was also improved by improving operating efficiencies. Using the technical know-how from Holcim, it started effectively using alternative fuels. A lot of best practices were implemented in ACC that were being followed at Holcim ACC itself was very active in the MA space. It acquired 14.3% equity stake in Shiva Cement Ltd (SCL), Roukela. SCL has an integrated cement plant and this is poised to add huge capacities to ACC. The company has also acquired limestone reserves of Lakheri Works for Rs 35 Crore to increase its reserves for increasing its production of cement. Ultratech ETA Star Cement Ultratech Cement is the countrys second-largest cement maker and a part of Aditya Birla group. It acquired Dubai-based ETA Star Cement. ETA Star has a market share of 10% and 20% in Abu Dhabi and Bahrain, respectively. To transform Unitech into a larger company, this acquisition was very much needed. Along with this acquisition, some consolidation also was done in the domestic front. The acquisition deal was valued at Rs 1,700 crore. First stage: The Cement Business of Grasim Industries Limited was demerged into a separate entity viz. Samruddhi Cement Limited. Second stage: Samruddhi has been amalgamated with UltraTech. The company (UltraTech) will become the largest cement company in India, with capacities of 49 million TPA of grey cement across 22 plants, 504 MW captive thermal power plants and 9.5 million cubic metres of Ready Mix Concrete across 73 plants. Unitech, a pan India player with a market share of around 20%, the products like White Cement and Wallc are Putty would be sold in the market with Unitech name on them. After the amalgamation of Samruddhi and the acquisition of ETA Star Cement, Unitechs capacity will stand at 52 Mtpa and this will make it the 9th largest cement company in the world. UltraTech Cement Limited is the countrys largest exporter of cement clinker. UltraTech manufactures and markets Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement and Portland Pozzalana Cement. UltraTech also manufactures ready mix concrete (RMC). The export markets span countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Dalmia Cement OCL (Orissa Cement ltd.) Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Limited (DCBL), one of the leading multi spectrum cement manufacturing companies in India, increased its stake in OCL India from current 21.7% to 45.4% through inter-se transfer. Dalmia Cement after this expansion of foot print in Eastern region becomes a two region player. The stake increase aligned well with the Companys overall all India Expansion strategy. OCL India is a diversified company with interests in cement and refractory business and has a very strong presence in the Eastern region of the country. DCBL, with total gross income of around Rs 2,500 crore has business interests in two major segments, cement and Sugar. It has cement plants in Southern States of Tamil Nadu (Dalmiapuram Ariyalur) and Andhra Pradesh (Kadapa), with capacity of 9 million tonnes per annum. The combined of Dalmia and OCL capacity put together will be 14.3 million tonnes of Cement across the two regions and thus one of the top cement players in the country. Italcementi Zuari The Italcementi Group, the fifth largest cement producer in the world and the biggest in the Mediterranean region. It has net sales over 6 billion Euros in 2008 and a capacity of 70 million tonnes. Italcementi Cement Company with the help of the Ciments Franà §ais, a subsidiary for its global activities, has acquired shares of the Indian cement manufacturer Zuari Cement Limited. The acquisition was of 50% shareholding and the deal was of about 100 million Euros. It previously took over the plant of the Zuari Cement Limited in Andhra Pradesh in southern India and earned revenues of around 100 million Euros and an operating profit of 4 million Euros. The expertise, know-how and culture of a number of companies from more than 22 countries in 4 continents. An industrial network of 63 cement plants, 15 grinding centers, 5 terminals, 134 aggregates quarries and  613 concrete batching units. Zuari Cement is in the process of increasing this capacity to 6 million to nne by setting up of a new 5500 tonne per day clinker line at Yerraguntla and a grinding center at Chennai. Heidelberg Indorama The Heidelberg Cement was set up in 1873 and has a long and prosperous history and this company being one of the best in the world has its bases in different countries. Heidelberg Cement Company entered into an agreement for a 50% joint venture with the Indorama Cement Ltd., situated in Mumbai, originally possessed by the Indorama S P Lohia Group. The company acquired a majority participation in the cement manufacturer Mysore Cements. Mysore Cements operates two cement plants and a grinding plant in central and southern India. At the end of 2006, Heidelberg acquired the grinding plant Cochin Cements in southern India. Vicat-BCCL (Bharathi Cement Company Ltd.) French cement major, Vicat, very recently announced an interest to acquire 51% stake in Bharathi Cement Company Limited  (BCCL)  promoted Kadapa Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy. Bharathi brand of cement is a premium product and has been commercialized within a short span of time in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Goa and plans are afoot to penetrate into the Maharashtra market. BCCL operates a cement plant of two lines that will reach a total annual capacity of 5 million tonnes of cement at the end of 2010. With a current cement capacity of 2.5 million tonnes, it has been selling under the brand name of Bharathi Cement since 2009. This is the second investment for Vicat in India as it has already established a joint venture company with Sagar Cements Limited to build a Greenfield cement plant in Gulbarga in the Karnataka, producing 5.5 million tonnes of cement per annum on two clinker production lines, each with a daily capacity of 6,000 tonnes. The first line of production, with an annual cement capacity of 2.75 million tonnes, will be commissioned in 2012. Lafarges Acquisitions in India Lafarge Cement is famous all over the world for its premium quality and has been used to build many landmark buildings, structures globally. Lafarge India is a subsidiary of the French Building Materials major Lafarge. The company is a leading cement player in Eastern India. Its brands Lafarge Cement and Lafarge Concreto Cement enjoy high brand equity here and are amongst the highest priced brands. Lafarge is committed to the Indian market and has firm plans to expand its capacity in India. Lafarge entered the Indian market in 1999, with the acquisition of the cement business of Tata Steel. Raymond Cement facility was acquired in 2001. Lafarge currently has  four cement plants in India: two integrated plants in the state of Chhattisgarh,  one  grinding station each in Jharkhand West Bengal. Total cement production capacity of Lafarge in the India stands at around 6.5 million tonnes. Lafarge India produces different types of cements likeƚ  Portland Slag Cement, Portland Pozzolana Cement. FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY India is currently second largest producer of cement in the world after China. Huge infrastructure savvy projects in pipeline and growing demand for housing would fuel the Indian cement industry. During May 2010, the cement production touched 14.5 MT as compared to 13 MT in May 2009 at annual growth of 9-10 per cent in 2010. READY MIX CONCENTRATE Only 5-6% use of Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) in India is done compared to developed countries like Japan and U.S. where RMC is being used in almost 70-75% of construction. Since setting up a RMC plant is not huge capital intensive proposition, a large number of small business entrepreneurs are setting up their own private RMCs here in country. Currently, they are facing a lot of difficulties in running them due to high shortage of cement. Hence future in India seems to be of branded Ready Mix Concrete business, where cement manufacturers would be setting up their own RMC plants. They will not have shortage of raw material since companies can create reserves for their own RMCs, which will give them more realization than selling just cement bags. Companies including Ultratech Cement, Lafarge Cement have moved into the RMC segment as well. Time is a big constraint for Infrastructure companies to finish off their projects; hence they would also prefer buying RMC instead of following the traditional method. Therefore, future of the cement industry is more likely to shift towards Ready Mix Concrete. INFRASTRUCTURE The government of India has decided to spend more than US$ 500 billion on infrastructure in its 11th Five Year Plan. This plan includes: Building road infrastructure power infrastructure Railways Urban infrastructure Ports Airports IT ITES sector Organized retailing Shopping malls Besides this, the housing sector sharing more than 40% of total cement demand is also one of the key drivers for the cement industry. Many government banks have reduced their interest rates on housing loans to boost the housing demand in the country. As a result, the number of houses constructed is expected to increase to 6 million units by 2011 from 3.6 million in 2007. COMMONWEALTH GAMES In this FY10 budget, the Government will be spending Rs. 1.75 trillions on infrastructure. With many international events like Commonwealth games 2010, Hockey World Cup 2010, Cricket World Cup 2011 etc, the need to develop world class infrastructure was felt in early 2000s. As a result, many new multi billion dollars project were sanctioned to develop roads, metros, airports, railway stations etc all across the country, thus boosting the demand for cement. ESTIMATED DEMAND AND EXPORTS As per NCAER study, the Indias demand for cement (including exports) is expected to increase to 244 million tonnes by 2010-11. As per the study if the optimistic projections of the road and the housing sectors are met, the demand is expected to be much higher at 311.4 million tonnes. SEZ DEVELOPMENT Upcoming SEZs in areas such as Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Indore, Nasik and Pune would further boost the demand for cement. INCREASE IN POPULATION Indian population growing at the rate of 1.5% would also act as a benefit for the cement industry as it would boost the overall demand for housing and in turn cement. CONCLUDING REMARKS The cement sector is going through a consolidation phase and is thus improving operational efficiencies through several mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures. Efficiencies in terms of technology, raw materials, geographies, distribution channels and markets are key factors in the cement industry. Some observations in the entire analysis were: Consolidation is happening in the global and Indian industry with large and small players both realizing synergies and improving bottomlines. India is one of the fastest growing markets. With the governments continuous focus on infrastructure, the cement industry has a huge scope for growth. Since the per capita cement consumption is low, the scope for domestic retail consumption is high too. Global players are increasing their presence in India realizing the true potential that it holds for them. Ready Mix Concentrate is the future of cement industry with all players realizing its economies and production advantages.

Major Religions Matrix - 805 Words

University of Phoenix Material Major Religions of the World Matrix Complete the matrix using your textbook and outside references. | |Buddhism |Christianity |Hinduism |Islam |Judaism |Taoism and Confucianism | |Key tenets |1. The nature of suffering. |1. A belief in God - the |1. Belief in a Supreme God |Five Pillars: |1. Belief in the existence |1. While Taoists | | |2. The origin of suffering. |maker of everything. |that expresses itself in |1. Faith or belief in the |of the Creator, who is |recognize a vast pantheon| |†¦show more content†¦| | | | | | | |6. The belief that God | | | | | | | |communicates with man | | | | | | | |through prophecy. | | |Founder of the religion |Siddhartha Gautama |Jesus Christ |None |Muhammad |Abraham |Lao-Tzu and Confucius | |Where this faith began |India |Israel |Unknown |Saudi Arabia |Israel |China | |Approximate date religion|520 B.C. |A.D. 30Show MoreRelatedThe Wasteland and The Matrix Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesdays where most were familiar with the works of the greats. The Wachowski Brothers’ film, The Matrix, deals with similar themes as The Wasteland . The science fiction film set in world that has been taken over by machines and centers around the plight of unsuspecting hero, Neo and other who have been freed from the computer simulated reality of The Matrix. 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The Importance of the Federal Bureau of Investigations free essay sample

Many of the units are deployable to anywhere in the world and almost all departments provide courtroom testimony. All departments work with federal , state, local and some inter-national law enforcement organizations. The lab Is accredited by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board. (see attached print out for credentials) The first department and sub-sections we will Dulles Is the Biometric Analysis unit. This department Is made up of 5 sub-sections. The first of which Is the Combined DNA Index System(Codes).The CODES unit manages the CODES system as well as the National DNA Index. The Federal DNA Database Unit makes DNA profiles of federally convicted offenders, offenders facing federal charges as well as non- U. S. Citizens held under U. S. Authority. In the Latent Print Analysis department they examine finger, foot, and palm prints. The Mitochondrial DNA unit examines biological items of evidence from crime scenes to determine the mitochondrial DNA sequence from samples such as hair,bones , and teeth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the Federal Bureau of Investigations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This unit also maintains the National Missing Person Database. The last unit in this department is the DNA- Nuclear department. The FBI started using data testing in forensics in 1998. The FBI sees Polymerase Chain Reaction (PC) and Short Tandem Repeat (STAR) analysis to detect minute amounts of biological material to generate DNA profiles sufficiently rare to be associated to a single Individual to a reasonable degree of excellently certainty. The next department Is Forensic Response. The first unit Is crime scene Documentation. This unit provide services in crime scene survey, crime scene documentation, demonstrate court presentations, 3-D physical models, crime scene photography.The Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Sciences unit (CUBANS), established in 2002, develops and maintains the FBI Laboratory ability to induct and/or direct high-quality forensic examinations of hazardous chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials and all related evidence. The Evidence Response Team Unit (RETURN) enables FBI field office Evidence Response Teams (Arts) to collect evidence supporting FBI priority Investigations In a professional, competent, and systematic manner by providing Arts with training, equipment, and forensic expertise.There Is also an hazardous evidence response team which handles the U. S. Governments response to weapons of mass destruction Incidents and threats as well as supporting investigations of terrorist or criminal use of revised investigative , forensic photography and imaging. The Scientific Response Unit (SIRS) provides scientific/technical and forensic support of FBI criminal and intelligence investigations involving the actual or threatened use of any hazardous material, including weapons of mass destruction (WIND).This is accomplished through scientific and technical consultation and/or response on hazardous materials/WIND investigative matters, as well as liaison and training with public health, intelligence, s cientific, and international communities. The Technical Hazards Response Unit supports the FBI on high hazard law enforcement missions. The third department is the Forensic Science Support Department. It only consists of two sub-units. One of which is the Evidence Control Unit. The ACE is a central point for the receipt and management of evidence of all FBI interest.They also track and manage the submitted evidence from receipt to final disposition. The last unit of this department is the Forensic Imaging Unit. They provide the FBI laboratory with investigative photography, imaging, photographic processing , forensic art and graphic design. They also help the Latent Finger Print Unit and make different forms of graphic design for courtroom testimony (charts and graphs). Law enforcement agencies also can get composite sketches of suspects from this unit. The fourth department in the Bis lab is Scientific Analysis. The first unit that falls under this is the Chemistry Unit.They provide services in general chemistry. Metallurgy (study of metals), paints and polymers, toxicology and instrument operation and support. Instrument operation and support consists of maintaining and calibrating the different equipment that is used in the lab. The Counter-terrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit give forensic training and leadership to law enforcement agencies and the FBI itself. The three main goals of this unit are to develop new capabilities, improve existing capabilities, and the defensibility of current and future capabilities.Another unit inside this department is Cryptanalysis and Racketeering Records. This unit can decrypt manual codes and ciphers. Check their website they post codes and ciphers for people to solve. In the Racketeering part they decode illicit business records, such examination can lead to RICH charges. The same type of examination is applied to drug operations as well. Firearms/ Toolmakers unit applies forensic examinations to firearms, ammunition components, landmarks, serial number restoration, gunshot residue, and bullet trajectories.The Questioned Documents Unit provides forensic support in handwriting comparison, plastic bag comparison, print process examinations,alternate light source examinations (low-light, black light, up lighting) , charred and liquid soaked document preservation, indented writing examinations, tire tread/shoe print comparisons and office machine artifact comparison. The Trace Evidence Unit examines hair, fibers, feathers , fabric , minerals and anthropology. The last department of the lab is the The Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center (ATTACHED).

Religion In American Culture Essays - Nation Of Islam,

Religion In American Culture Race and religion are two concepts in American culture that can really tie people together, or clearly separate them apart. A group forged by strong common roots in both race and religion can be a powerful societal force, if it wants to be. The Nation of Islam is a small but growing religion in America that has become somewhat of a social movement because of its strong and radical ideas on race. In this paper, I will try to explore the beliefs of the Nation of Islam, and the ramifications it could and has had on racial relations in America. The Nation of Islam, or NOI, is a relatively new religion. The first temple of Islam was established in Detroit by Master Fard Muhammed in 1930. Much of the theology was based on the simple facts that: Allah is god, the white man is the devil, and the so-called Negroes are the Asiatic black people, the cream of the earth.(1) And, in accordance with their bizarre view of creation, involving a mad scientist creating the white race from the black rac e, the twentieth century represents the time for black people to regain their rightful position as god?s chosen people. (1) The Nation of Islam was spawned from Orthodox Islam, an age-old religion. However, Orthodox Islam has openly denounced the NOI as a heretic sect for three main reasons: the NOI?s rejection of the belief in an afterlife, its tendency to view human leaders as deified figures, and its strong racist attitudes. (2) For a brief time, during the seventies, Wallace Deen Muhammed became the leader of the NOI and tried to take it in a new direction, more conforming to true Islamic beliefs. This group is now called the American Muslim Mission and still exists in small numbers today. (1) The NOI?s presence has implications on American racial relations in more than one way. First of all, the NOI is tied to a very specific American racial group: blacks. Although the majority of black people in America do not consider themselves members of the NOI, the group still attempts to represent all black people. And, because of the strong messages of strength, unity, and betterment of the black race, the NOI reaches the hearts and minds of many blacks as a driving social force, even if they don?t consider it their religion. Another major way the NOI impacts race relations is through the strong seemingly racist beliefs that are inherent to its theology. The NOI has always been open about its views. Not only have they always taught that the white man is the devil, but they believe that the battle of Armageddon will consist of a holy war between Islam and Christianity of which Islam will be the victors, representing the victory of black people over white people. (1) Jews are referred to as great enemies for no particular reason. The NOI has been viewed as a strongly anti-Semitic organization since the early eighties. (4) I think the NOI theology can best be understood as an example of power-conflict theory. First of all, the NOI is strongly against cultural assimil ation for American blacks. They believe that black people should exist entirely apart from American (white) culture. Elijah Muhammed, an early and extremely powerful leader who is now viewed as a deified human clearly taught against assimilation. (1) Since whites were inherently created as an evil and inferior race, they are therefore flawed since birth. Seeking their acceptance by acquiring any part of so-called American culture is a low and humiliating thing for blacks to do. Under this philosophy, Elijah Muhammed went so far as to teach that even living among white people in the same building or block is wrong, and that basic integration of blacks and whites in schools and workplaces should be reversed. (1) These separatist and elitist attitudes toward one race over another is clearly a power-conflict characteristic. I don?t necessarily think all of these ideas are so wrong. In his striving towards total segregation, Elijah Muhammed was hoping to achieve powerful and independent black communities capable of providing everything for themselves education, hospitals, workplaces, neighborhood organizations in the greatest quality. And they should

Doing it publicly essays

Doing it publicly essays With talk shows ruling day-time television, people are left with little choice but to watch this humiliating form of entertainment. Turn the television on in the afternoon and you will find a large variety of talk shows to choose from. "Maybe we have become a nation addicted to hearing our neighbors' seamy personal problems.Personally, I feel it is both the lack of choice and the attraction to other peoples problems. Many of the topics on talk shows are degrading to our society. If person came to America for the first time and watched television, they would probably see a talk show. The model a talk show would give of American society is horrifying. For example, a common talk show topic is teens having multiple sex partners at young ages. However, not all teens are sexually active at such a young age. For this reason talk shows are misleading not only to foreigners but to children and young adults who are learning about morals and our society. In a letter to the corporate CEO's distributing these programs, William Bennett and Senator Joseph Lieberman asked: "Would you want your young children to view a program showcasing the sexual adventures of a 14-year-old girl who married her 71-year-old foster father"(Flint and Wharton). To those who do not tune into these shows this discription may sound like an exaggeration; however, it is not. This is exactly the type of topics on some shows. Not only are half the shows ridiculous with topics of deceit, revenge and "extreme behavior", but some of them are false(Flint and Wharton). On the Jerry springer Show a Canadian comedy troupe went on the show and created a story. The story was that one of the men had an affair with his baby-sitter. After the show appeared on television, the troupe members went to the press saying how they deceived the program and its audience(You 52). Some people will do anything to be on television. Some shows trick peop...

War Propaganda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War Propaganda - Essay Example Therefore, the poster is both appealing to the male population while being simultaneously convincing. The use of the American flag combined with a soldier blowing a trumpet is appealing. The actions of the soldier rhyme with the poster’s message â€Å"the call to Duty†. Additionally, the poster invokes patriotism in people who happen to view it. Thus, they view that it is their duty to join the army and defend their home country from invaders or enemies. Moreover, the poster’s simplicity is quite attractive. It implies that it is every citizen’s duty to be in the armed forces. The poster is catchy since it uses children in its campaign. Naturally, children tend to influence their parent’s decisions and choices. Thus, a child will encourage his/her parents to purchase war saving stamps. Also, the poster signifies that Uncle Sam cares for his children since one of the children is sitted in his arm. In addition to this, the poster’s message can be interpreted to mean that the war is going on for the sake of protecting American children from their enemies. Therefore, I like the use of children in war posters in an attempt to attract more support for the army. If Uncle Sam loses the war, it’s the children who suffer the most, hence the need for children to support the American army. I chose this poster mainly because its message is based on democracy. It implies that anyone joining the army would help spread democracy to regions experiencing dictatorial rule. Thus, the army will be liberating the rest of the world from oppression. On the other hand, the poster ensures that every American citizen is thinking and believing that the main reason America’s involved in the war is to spread democracy around the world. This is a clever way to manipulate the public by the government. Since time immemorial, the good side has always been fighting for democracy and liberation from dictators. Due to the poster basing its

I know why the caged bird sings(Author- Maya Angelou) Essay

I know why the caged bird sings(Author- Maya Angelou) - Essay Example This is through establishing broad vision of black women in the American culture. Based with her childhood life, Maya focuses on her effort and struggle to overcome restrictions that have been placed upon her in antagonistic environment. In order to escape from the traditional ways of life, she frequently asks questions, which are her strategic tools to shape her strength. This is relevant to women in the modern world since they are denied chances to express their opinion. However, their voices can lead to self empowerment thus relieving them from societal bondage (Angelou 18). Chapter 15 of the book features racism as another major issue in the society. This is depicted by Maya, who is a little Black girl brought up in a society where racism surrounds her. When Maya visits a dentist, he refuses to treat her indicating that he will rather lay his hand on his dog’s mouth than in Negro’s (Angelou 25). Racism in this book relates to the modern world where Africans are treated unequally in the American society. In Chapter 17, the author has used the life of an African American woman struggling to escape from the cruel and oppressive world. In this case, she depicts how racism has caused oppression of African Americans, thus preventing them from getting freedom and happiness in their lives. This portrays what African Americans faces in American society before they were granted full citizenship (Angelou

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics of Morals Essay Example for Free

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics of Morals Essay Kant argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the Categorical Imperative (CI). Immorality thus involves a violation of the CI and is thereby irrational. This argument was based on his striking doctrine that a rational will must be regarded as autonomous, or free in the sense of being the author of the law that binds it. The fundamental principle of morality ? the CI ? is none other than this law of an autonomous will. Thus, at the heart of Kants moral philosophy is a conception of reason whose reach in practical affairs goes well beyond that of a Humean ?slave to the passions. Moreover, it is the presence of this self-governing reason in each person that Kant thought offered decisive grounds for viewing each as possessed of equal worth and deserving of equal respect. In Kants terms, a good will is a will whose decisions are wholly determined by moral demands or as he refers to this, by the Moral Law Kants analysis of commonsense ideas begins with the thought that the only thing good without qualification is a ? good will. While the phrases ? hes good hearted, ? shes good natured and ? she means well are common, ? the good will as Kant thinks of it is not the same as any of these ordinary notions. The idea of a good will is closer to the idea of a ? good person, or, more archaically, a ? person of good will The basic idea is that what makes a good person good is his possession of a will that is in a certain way ? determined by, or makes its decisions on the basis of, the moral law The idea of a good will is supposed to be the idea of one who only makes decisions that she holds to be morally worthy, taking moral considerations in themselves to be conclusive reasons for guiding her behavior. This sort of disposition or character is something we all highly value. Kant believes we value it without limitation or qualification. First, unlike anything else, there is no conceivable circumstance in which we regard our own moral goodness as worth forfeiting simply in order to obtain some desirable object Second, as a consequence, possessing and maintaining ones moral goodness is the very condition under which anything else is worth having or pursuing. Intelligence and even pleasure are worth having only on the condition that they do not require giving up a commitment to honor ones fundamental moral convictions In Kants terms, a good will is a will whose decisions are wholly determined by moral demands or as he refers to this, by the Moral Law A holy ordivine will, if it exists, though good, would not be good because it is motivated by thoughts of duty. argues that a dutiful action from any of these motives, however praiseworthy it may be, does not express a good will and other outcomes of lawful behavior. Indeed, we respect these laws to the degree, but only to the degree, that they do not violate values, laws or principles we hold more dear. Yet Kant thinks in acting from duty that we are not at all motivated by a prospective outcome or some other extrinsic feature of our conduct. We are motivated by the mere conformity of our will to law as such Kant holds that the fundamental principle at the basis of all of our moral duties is a categoricalimperative. It is an imperative because it is a command (e. g. , Leave the gun. Take the cannoli.) More precisely, it commands us to exercise our wills in a particular way, not to perform some action or other. It is categorical in virtue of applying to us unconditionally, or simply because we possesses rational wills, without reference to any ends that we might or might not have. It does not, in other words, apply to us on the condition that we have antecedently adopted some goal for ourselves. Kants first formulation of the CI states that you are to act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law. First, formulate a maxim that enshrines your reason for acting as you propose. Second, recast that maxim as a universal law of nature governing all rational agents, and so as holding that all must, by natural law, act as you yourself propose to act in these circumstances. Third, consider whether your maxim is even conceivable in a world governed by this law of nature. If it is, then, fourth, ask yourself whether you would, or could, rationally will to act on your maxim in such a world. If you could, then your action is morally permissible. Kant held that ordinary moral thought recognized moral duties toward ourselves as well as toward others. Hence, together with the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties, we recognize four categories of duties: perfect duties toward ourselves, perfect duties toward others, imperfect duties toward ourselves and imperfect duties toward others Kants example of a perfect duty to others concerns a promise you might consider making but have no intention of keeping in order to get needed money At the heart of Kants moral theory is the position that rational human wills are.

The Arrival of the Bee Box and the Rime of the Ancient Mariner :: English Literature

In The Arrival of the Bee Box and the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, compare the ways in which the choice of language, detail and the form, tell us about the feelings of the writer. In both poems, a range of literacy devices are used in order to express the feelings of the writers. Plath's poem is written similarly to the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and yet they are different in many ways. Plath wrote her poem in 1962 and Coleridge wrote his poem in the 1700's or early 1800's, and the style of writing differ, as Plath's writing seems to be more emotive, whereas Coleridge's work seems to have a more a gothic theme to it. One of the main literacy devices used in both poems is the extended metaphor. Plath uses the metaphor to show the box as a symbol of her life and how she wants to escape from it, but can't because of the consequences. "The box is locked, it is dangerous." I think she feels trapped within her life and the depression of everything is getting to her. She wants to get out and experience other things, but feels that she has created her life and therefore must live with it, "I ordered this, this clean wood box/ I have to live with it overnight" Possibly, this could be related to part of her past, where she tried to commit suicide, in order to end her life, so that she can be free of the box. In the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, there are many metaphors within it. As the boat travelled on its course, it came across some ice and it got stuck there. At that time the Mariner didn't know what to do. Then an Albatross came to the rescue and it cracked the ice so the mariner was able to carry on his journey, "at length did across an Albatross/thorough the fog it came; / As if it had been a Christen soul, / We hailed it in God's name. / It ate the food it ne'er had eat. / And round and round it flew./ The ice did split with a thunder fit;/ The helmsman steered us through!" I think the ice was a symbol for the limitations in life, and the barriers Coleridge has come across in life and he over come them. Also, maybe the ice was a symbol of the dangers that come with life, and once they are dealt with, you can move along safely. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is written in loose, short ballad stanzas usually either four or six lines long but, occasionally, as

Financial to people who are living in poverty Essay

1. Introduction Microfinance is the provision of financial to people who are living in poverty. The system is providing small loans to poor person who want to expand their business. A series of financial service include loaning, saving, insurance and so on. There are two main characteristic on microfinance. Firstly, it is focus on below average income person or poor person for their customers. Secondly, it must ensure that the possibility of its own sustainable development. The beginning of the activity was most closely associated with economist Muhammad Yunus in 1976. He was born in Bangladesh. Between 30 years, the success of Grameen Bank which was built by Yunus was noticed by the world. Then, microfinance has covered nearly development countries and some developed counties. In the case of the text book, microfinance was present by two extreme parts, macro success and global mess. For the macro success, lender loaned money to women in order to support their family. Then, much family got rid of po verty. By 2001, more than 7,000 microfinance institutions had served 120 million borrowers around the world. On the other hand, there are two debates lead to huge problems. Firstly, most of microfinance institution’s new shareholders were rich investors. Secondly, several competitive microfinance institutions loaned money to the same uneducated clients, if crop or ventures fail, clients would face crushing debt loads. For example, in some parts of India, almost 80% of borrowers were in default. 2. Case question 1 Therefore, what happen about microfinance? Does it macro success or global mess? 2.1 SWOT analysis For the critical thinking of microfinance is SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis may help us know more about microfinance totally. There are two strengths for microfinance, the first one is that helped in decrease the poverty. The target of microfinance is to provide loans to poor people who want to start small business but cannot able to receive commercial bank help. For example, more than 350 million people in Indian below average income. The microfinance institutions offer the opportunity to them to start their own business. So, microfinance helps in decrease the poverty. The second one is that promoting the development of local community. If every individual who receive small loans to become rich, the development of local community will be promoted. There are two weaknesses about the microfinance. First of all, it is not proper regulated on banking process. Due to lack of efficient rules and regulations there would lead to high case of credit risk and defaults. Moreover, microfinance institutions focus on less people only. For example, India’s 70% of people live in the village, that is to say that most of poor area haven’t been touched. For the opportunity of microfinance, there are two main points also. Initially, it still has huge untapped market. For example, Pakistan’s microfinance industry was developing faster already, with an expansion of nearly 47 percent during 2007 (AbanHaq, 2008). By the end of 2008, the borrowers had been extended to 1.7 million (Meher Shah, 20 09). In addition, some small business which were loan from Microfinance institutions would provide much more employment opportunities. Microfinance institutions not only loan money to individual to start their business but also help in the increase the employment opportunity to them. There two threat analysis about microfinance as well. The first one is that over involvement of government. For example, in Indian, bank had freeze on credit to micro lenders for many times, it led to Indian’s microfinance industry pushed to the brink of collapse (India’s microfinance sector under threat, 2010). Furthermore, it is a high competition industry. For example, Indian’s commercial bank normally provides about US$ 133 a week in credit to the microfinance industry (India’s microfinance sector under threat, 2010). So, it is cause to high competition for much more applicant. 2.2 Why has microfinance been quite successful on worldwide basis? In the study case, 84% of microloan recipients are women(D’Espallier, Guà ©rin, & Mersland, 2011). Therefore, it is easily find that most of microfinance institutions target to women. This is because that repayment is higher among female borrowers, they usually do more conservative investment and reduce moral hazard risk(D’Espallier, Guà ©rin, & Mersland, 2011). On the other hand, when women improve their circumstances, they also improve the lives of their children. So, by investing in nutrition and education, they can help to create a better future for their children and their communities. Furthermore, many microfinance institutions help much poorest families get rid of poverty. It is â€Å"to ensure that 175 million of the world’s poorest families, especially women, receive credit for self-employment and other financial and business services†(D’Espallier, Guà ©rin, & Mersland, 2011). Thus, it absorbs global attention. In addition, the success of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh indicated that a new business model had been created. Until recently, Grameen has reported repayment rates of 98% and serving over much more function to poor person (Morduch, 1999). This new business models was imitated by the world. 3. Case Question 2 Using agency theory, identify the area or improvement for the government of certain MFI have be found to engage in questionable practice. Microfinance institution is a party that helping poverty to do business by offering mini-loan. It is an agency of not only providing finance service to support poverty but also an organization contributes to society. The main problem of lending money to pool people is high risks of returning the money. The pool people, who are lack of educations, experience and need more train to return to the job. As an agency the â€Å"principal† (top managers) require profit while loan office is less concern about the interest. 3.1 Agency theory Agency theory explains the relationship between principals and agents. The objective about this theory is to identify and resolve the problem and conflict between principal and the agent of the principal. The two problems agency theory addresses are: * Problem of desire goal of principal and agent are in conflict. * Problem of different acts in managing the risk. This theory had been used in examining the relationship of agency, define as â€Å"a contract under which one or more persons (the principal) engage another person (the agent) to perform some on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent† (Jensen & Meckling, 1976) The following equation shows the result of problem come from. The utility of the principal will focus on return, whereas the utility of the agent will focus on the income. Agent wants to increase the income while the principal refers to more return. As the result, there is a trade-off exist in between. UP (R) = 1/UA (I) UP = Utility of the principal UA= Utility of the agent R = Returns I= Income In consequent, to resolve the problem is to design the ideal contract. There are two types of contracts design for such problem: behavior-based contracts and outcome-based contracts. Behavior-based contract, the principal monitor, measure and reward the base on the agent’s behavior (Bergenetal, 1992). The outcome-based contract, the agent will be rewarded according to the realized outcome (Bergenetal, 1992). 3.2 Porter’s Five Forces Porter’s five forces is concept for analyzing industry and developing strategy of a company to position business. Base on this concept to understand microfinance industry environment. Investors always seek for return; the industry environment will impact how efficient the decision made for profit. Source:(Porter, 1979) Suppliers (High) There are many investors in market; those can divide into two types, commercial investor and faith investor. The faith investors are not seeks for profit, but long term poverty alleviation. (Cranenburgh, 2010)Commercial investors are looking for return because the capital market is cheaper. Unfortunately there are most MFI remain lending money to pool people are informal which the stakeholder are commercial investor. Threat of new entrants (High) Commercial investors are better in positioning that they have better access than financial service expertise. Low entrant capital require lead to low entrant standard require. The investors seeks return, it cause high impact in investment. Commercial investors look for short term invest, and it can be re-enter for commercial investment as a cycle. Threat of substitute (Medium) Poor people need money of making living and other social purpose (education, insurance, sickness.eg) for life long. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provides life insurance for poverty to improve the life expenses under the microfinance category. In many other countries, MFI design new financial service according to the need of poverty which charge very low interest. Internal rivalry In fact, the intensity of competition is depends upon the size of the company in the game. As entrant barrier low, the major operators in industry are informal institution (SHGs, MFI and NGOs). The competition will increase when an established organization goes into market and implement promotional strategy for boosting out of bad situation as it is weak. In additional, some formal bank start to do financial support with the help of other commercial organization like provide loan for SHGs. This factor will attract more operators in market. 3.3 Challenge Facing by Microfinance The microfinance system is separated in three levels: micro, meso and macro. To understand the function of those levels activity, identify the challenge MFIs are facing by governance. Source: Adapted from Helms, Access for All The micro level activity includes both perspectives of clients and MFI. The problem comes out from the borrower’s perspective is limitation of financial support. This would cause predatory lending practices. From the clients’ perspective, the problem relate to the managerial experience of clients, how they manage the funds and sustainable funds. The meso level is about services and infrastructures. The MFI need strong backup to support ongoing financing lending process. Limited capacity would terminate the funds to borrower. The macro level consists of central bank, finance ministries and other financial department. The problem comes out the potential risk when new policy established (monetary and currency, egg). The failure of systemic function would lead to a collapse of MIFs. 4. Case Question 3: ON ETHICS: Given the criticisms that â€Å"the rich have literally profited from the dirt poor†. Do you have any reservations about investing in MFIs that have gone through IPOs? Microfinance is a key thing that can help people living in poverty to become financially independent. It is better able to provide for their families in times of economic difficulty. Considering nearly half of world in less than two dollars a day to survive, microfinance is an important solution. However, microfinance has its shortcomings. Thus, in our opinion about this question, we are neutral. Here are advantages and disadvantages in below. 4.1 Advantages Access Banks will not extend loans to those with little or no assets, and generally so not engage in small size of loans associated with micro-financing companies. Microfinance is based on the concept that even small amounts of credit can help end the vicious cycle of poverty. Extending education Families receiving microfinance are less likely to pull their children to leave school for economic reasons. Improve health and welfare Microfinance can lead to better access to clean drinking water and better sanitation, and providing better access to health care as well. Sustainability In the developing country, even a small working capital loans $100. It can be launch a small business. Benefactors can help pulling themselves and their families out of the poverty. For example, a 19-year-old girl named Salamatu, from Sierra Leone started selling rice business (Kate, 2011). When her father and brother died, she could not pay the school fees by her own. She joined a local saving and Loans Group Plan in her community. This group can give small loans to them. Salamatu took out two loans. One is starting a small rice selling business and one is paying for her school fees (Kate, 2011). Job creation Microfinance can help create new jobs. It has a beneficial impact on the local economy. 4.2 Disadvantages Some investors who are interested in specific microfinance IPO must be wary (wise GEEK, 2012). Because some microfinance institutions are free with funding to the poor, but require excessive interest payments in return. This can put a person into a wore financial hole. This would cause social unrest. MFIs in India increased the risks. MFIs might face increased pressure to provide the assets and income growth (Jennifer, 2010). Thus it would increase default risk. In addition, because of high yield investors’ interests, microfinance institutions issuing high risk loans. This could cause valuation issues. However, lenders often could not perform. Because India does not have national systems that track the borrower’s credit history (Jennifer, 2010). 5. Conclusion Firstly, we give the reason of microfinance has been successful. Secondly, we identify the areas for improvement of MFIs. Then, we provide the two parts – advantages and disadvantages. Some considering buying into microfinance IPO should be carefully examined, and understand the company and its specific practices, then proceeding. Microfinance is not always appropriate. For extreme poor, or those who are sick or unable to work, microfinance may not be an appropriate tool. Bibliography India’s microfinance sector under threat. (2010, November). Australian Banking & Finance, p. 20. Cranenburgh, K. C. (2010). Analysis of the Microfinance Sector Faith Institutions and Impact Investing. International Interfaith Investment Group, 37-38. D’Espallier, B., Guà ©rin, I., & Mersland, R. (2011, 5). Women and Repayment in Microfinance: A Global Analysis. World Development, pp. 758-772. Haq, A. (2008). Microfinance Industry Assessment: A Report on Pakistan. Islamabad Pakistan: Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN). Jongbloed, K. (2011). DIY Banks Make Education Possible For Girls. Retrieved from http://blog.becauseiamagirl.ca/diy-banks-make-education-possible-for-girls Meher Shah, A. N. (2009). Spot light on microfinance. Micro note. Islamab: Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN). Morduch, J. (1999, October). The role of subsidies in microfinance: evidence from the Grameen Bank. Journal of Development Economics, pp. 229-248. Shevock, J. (2010). Microloan Default Risk Rises in India as SKS Microfinance Plans Initial Public Offering (IPO). Retrieved from http://www.microcapital.org/microcapital-brief-microloan-default-risk-rises-in-india-as-sks-microfinance-plans-initial-public-offering-ipo/ WiseGEEK. (2012). What Is a Microfinance IPO? . Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-microfinance-ipo.htm

Essay about 19th Century Art - 1240 Words

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